How to block botox

In This Issue In This Issue Getting lamin B1 processed and organized amins are the building blocks of the nuclear lamina, a complex polymer attached to the nuclear envelope that is thought to be important for nuclear stability, chromatin organization, and gene expression. On page 1223, Maske et al. identify the protease responsible for processing lamin B1, demonstrate the existence of a nuclear receptor specific for carboxymethylated lamin B1, and show that posttrans-lational processing may control the localization of this lamin into subdomains within the nuclear envelope. L After being farnesylated, the COOH-terminal CAAX domain of lamin B1 is cleaved by an endoprotease, and the new COOH terminus of the protein is then methylated by the enzyme Icmt. Using a monoclonal anti-body that distinguishes proteolyzed from unproteolyzed lamin B1, the authors determined that proteolysis Lamin B1 (yellow) is present in subdomains. rom both chemical weapons inspectors and plastic surgeons, botulinum toxins are the focus of intense interest. But how do these incredibly toxic proteins get into cells? On page 1293, Dong et al. demonstrate that botulinum neurotoxin B (BoNT/B) uses the vesicle proteins synapto-tagmin I and synaptotagmin II as cellular receptors, and that a fragment of synapto-tagmin II can inhibit the toxin's effects in animals. Of the seven known neurotoxins expressed by Clostridium botulinum , BoNT/ A, B, and E are the most common causes of botulism in humans and the major choices for both bioterrorist and pharmaceutical uses. In previous work, researchers identified several cellular proteins that can bind to these toxins, but there were conflicting data about which, if any, of the candidate receptors actually mediate F specifically requires the CAAX endoprotease Rce1. Separate pools of farnesylated but unproteolyzed and proteolyzed but unmethylated lamin B1 appear in the nucleus, but retention of the protein's COOH terminus in the nuclear envelope requires carboxymethylation, indicating that a nuclear receptor specifically recognizes the fully processed form of the protein. When farnesylation is inhibited, the residual mature form occupies defined subdomains of the nuclear lamina, and the authors have preliminary evidence that these subdomains are also present in untreated cells. The results suggest that methylation of lamin B1 is a novel mechanism controlling the higher order organization of the nucleus. Lamin B1 interacts with chromatin, so the protein's controlled localization to subdomains of the lamina might organize interacting chromatin into similar domains. The authors are now trying to identify the nuclear receptor …